Volcanic Injury to Vegetables on Hawaii Island at Different Distances from the Kilauea Volcano

At the immediate Kilauea volcanic site, vegetable plants will always be injured by sulfur fumes.
At a 5 mile distance from the Kilauea volcanic site, plant damage by burning occurs sometimes, but not so often as to prevent farms from successfully growing there. Plant injury coincided with high sulfur episodes, but there have been high sulfur episodes without injury to plants.
Vog appeared in the Kona area which is 40-50 miles from the Kilauea volcanic site. Rainwater analysis revealed a pH of 4.0 and the presence of 27 detectable compounds in the ppb range. Tomato injury symptoms included: blossom drop, poor fruit set, hollow, small and almost seedless fruits and a less luxuriant appearance. Tomato plants growing outside produced no salable yield, but tomatoes protected by a plastic-covered rainshelter produced nearly 13 lbs/plant.
Here is a link to an excellent article 'Volcanic Emissions Injury to Plant Foliage' by Scott Nelson and Kelvin Sewake
www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-47.pdf